#Level Set Method
#Hamilton-Jacobi equation Wikipedia_Hamilton-Jacobi_equation
#Volume of Fluid Wikipedia_volume_of_fluid
#Stochastic Eulerian Lagrangian In computational fluid dynamics, the Stochastic Eulerian Lagrangian Method (SELM) is an approach to capture essential features of fluid-structure interactions subject to thermal fluctuations while introducing approximations which facilitate analysis and the development of tractable numerical methods. SELM is a hybrid approach utilizing an Eulerian description for the continuum hydrodynamic fields and a Lagrangian description for elastic structures. Thermal fluctuations are introduced through stochastic driving fields.
Wikipedia_Stochastic_Eulerian_Lagrangian_method
#Meshfree methods wiki
#Finite volume method wiki
#Finite element method wiki
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#写作
##1. 前言部分
###1.1 如何指出当前研究的不足以及有目的地引导出自己的研究的重要性 通常在叙述了前人成果之后，用However来引导不足，比如：
However, little information… little attention has been devoted to… little work… little data / little research few studies / investigations / few attempts have been don on… none of these studies has (have) been less done on … / focused on / attempted to conducted / investigated / studied (with respect to) To the author’s knowledge… There is little information available in literature about… Until recently, there is some lack of knowledge about…
Previous research (studies, records) has (have)
- failed to consider
- ignored
- misinterpreted
- neglected to
- overestimated, underestimated
- misleaded
thus, these previous results are
- inconclusive / misleading…
- unsatisfactory / questionable /controversial..
Uncertainties (discrepancies) still exist …
一定要注意绝对不能全面否定前人的成果，即使在你看来前人的结论完全不对。这是前人工作最起码的尊重，英文叫做给别人的工作credits. 所以文章不要出现非常negative的评价，比如Their results are wrong, very questionable, have no commonsense, etc. 可以婉转地提出： Their studies may be more reasonable if they had considered this situation. Their results could be better convinced if they … Or Their conclusion may remain some uncertainties.
###1.2.之后引导出一种新方法，或者一种新方向。 如果研究的方法以及方向和前人一样，可以通过下面的方式强调自己工作的作用：
However, data is still
- scarce
- rare
- less accurate
- there is still dearth of
We need to / aim to / have to
- provide more documents / data / records / studies
- increase the dataset
Further studies are still necessary… / essential…
为了强调自己研究的重要性，一般还要在However之前介绍自己研究问题的反方面，另一方面等等, 比如：
###1.3. 如何提出自己的观点
We aim to… This paper
- reports on…
- provides results..
- extends the method…
- focus on..
The purpose of this paper is to.. Furthermore, Moreover, In addition,, we will also discuss…
###1.4. 圈定自己的研究范围 前言的另外一个作用就是告诉读者包括(reviewer)你的文章主要研究内容。如果处理不好，reviewer会提出严厉的建议，比如你没有考虑某种可能性，某种研究手段等等。为了减少这种争论，在前言的结尾你就要明确提出本文研究的范围：
###1.5. 最后的原场 在前言的最后，还可以总结性地提出，这一研究对其它研究的帮助。 或者说，
further studies on … will be summarized in our next study (or elsewhere)
总之，其目的就是让读者把思路集中到你要讨论的问题上来。减少争论(arguments).
##2. 怎样提出观点 在提出自己的观点时，采取什么样的策略很重要。不合适的句子通常会遭到reviewer的置疑。
We confirm that…
We believe that…
Results indicate, infer, suggest, imply that…
We put forward (discover, observe..) .. "for the first time"
来强调自己的创新。
We tentatively put forward (interpret this to..) The results may be due to (caused by)/ attributed to / resulted from.. It seems that .. can account for (interpret) this..
要注意这些结构要合理搭配。如果通篇是类型 1 和 5，那这篇文章的意义就大打折扣。如果全是 2，肯定会遭到置疑。所以要仔细分析自己成果的创新性以及可信度。
##3. 连接词与逻辑
写英文论文最常见的一个毛病就是文章的逻辑不清楚。解决的方法有：
also, in addition, afterwards, moreover, Furthermore, further, However, although, unlike, in contrast, Unfortunately, Similarly, alternatively, parallel results, Compared with other results, In order to, despite, For example, consequently, thus, therefore...
用好这些连接词，能够使观点表达得有层次，更加明确。
比如，如果叙述有时间顺序的事件或者文献，
最早的文献可用<blockquote>AA advocated it for the first time.</blockquote>接下来，可用<blockquote>Then BB further demonstrated that..</blockquote>再接下来，可用<blockquote>Afterwards, CC..</blockquote>如果还有，可用<blockquote>More recent studies by DD..</blockquote>
如果叙述两种观点，要把它们截然分开
AA put forward that........ In contrast, BB believe Unlike AA, BB suggest… On the contrary (表明前面的观点错误，如果只是表明两种对立的观点，用in contrast)， BB..
如果两种观点相近,可用
AA suggest ….. Similarly ( alternatively), BB.. Also, BB… BB also does …
表示因果或者前后关系，可用<blockquote>Consequently, therefore, as a result</blockquote> 表明递进关系，可用<blockquote>furthermore, further, moreover, in addition</blockquote> 当写完一段英文，最好首先检查一下是否较好地应用了这些连接词。
...Therefore, there are three aspects of this problem have to be addressed. The first question involves... The second problem relates to … The third aspect deals with...
上面的例子可以清晰地把观点逐层叙述。 Or,可以直接用<blockquote>First, Second, Third….. Finally,..</blockquote> 当然,<blockquote>Furthermore, in addition</blockquote>等可以用来补充说明。
##4. 正文部份的整体结构
小标题是比较好的方法把要讨论的问题分为几个片段。 一般第一个片段指出文章最为重要的数据与结论。补充说明的部份可以放在最后一个片段。
一定要明白文章的读者会分为多个档次。文章除了本专业的专业人士读懂以外，一定要想办法能让更多的外专业人读懂。所以可以把讨论部份分为两部份，一部份提出观点，另一部份详细介绍过程以及论述的依据。这样专业外的人士可以了解文章的主要观点，比较专业的讨论他可以把它当成黑箱子，而这一部份本专业人士可以进一步研究。
##5. 关于abbreviation 如果文章用了很多的Abbreviation, 两种方法加以解决
总之，写文章的目的是要让读者读懂，读得清晰，并且采取各种措施方便于读者。
##5. Discussion 部分
##5. 1时态
##6. 讨论部份包括什么内容? ###6.1 主要内容 1) 主要数据特征的总结 2) 主要结论以及与前人观点的对比 3) 本文的不足 第三点，在一般作者看来不可取。事实上给出文章的不足恰恰是保护自己文章的重要手段。如果刻意隐藏文章的漏洞，觉得别人看不出来，是非常不明智的。
所谓不足，包括以下内容: a) 研究的问题有点片面 讨论时一定要说， It should be noted that this study has examined only… We concentrate (focus) on only… We have to point out that we do not… Some limitations of this study are…
b) 结论有些不足 The results do not imply… The results can not be used to determine… be taken as evidence of… Unfortunately, we can not determine this from this data… Our results are lack of …
但是，在指出这些不足之后，随后一定要再一次加强本文的重要性以及可能采取的手段来解决这些不足，为别人或者自己的下一步研究打下浮笔。 Notwithstanding its limitation, this study does suggest… However, these problems could be solved if we consider… Despite its preliminary character, this study can clearly indicate…
用中文来说，这一部份是左右逢源。把审稿人想到的问题提前给一个交代，同时表明你已经在思考这些问题，但是由于文章长度，试验进度或者试验手段的制约，暂时不能回答这些问题。但是，这些通过你的一些建议，这些问题在将来的研究中游可能实现。
P.S. 坚信观点的真实性：prove, demonstrate 不确定性： show，indicate，found 表示推测: imply，suggest
###6.2 关于结论中的时态: (1) 回顾研究目的时，通常使用过去时。如：In this study, the effects of two different learning methods were investigated. (2) 如果所概述结果的有效性只是针对本次特定的研究，需用过去时；如果具有普遍的意义，则用现在时。如： In the first series of trials, the experimental values were all lower than the theoretical predictions. The experimental and theoretical values for the yields agree well. (3) 阐述由结果得出的推论时，通常使用现在时。如：The data reported here suggest (These findings support the hypothesis, Our data provide evidence) that the reaction rate may be determined by the amount of oxygen available.
Some points of style
(摘自一个老外的Writing a Paper, 第一点和最后一点是我们经常用错的)
Do not use nouns as adjectives(不要把名词当作形容词用)
Not: ATP formation; reaction product
But: Formation of ATP; product of the reaction
The word “this” must always be followed by a noun, so that its reference is explicit.(This 后面必须跟一个名词)
Not: This is a fast reaction; This leads us to conclude..,
But: This reaction is fast; This observation leads us to conclude…
Describe experimental results in the past tense.(试验结果用过去时)
Not: Addition of water gives product.
But: Addition of water gave product.
Use the active voice whenever possible.(尽可能使用主动语态)
Not: It was observed that the solution turned red.
But: The solution turned red.
OR We observed that the solution turned red.
Complete all comparisons.(使用完整的比较形式 A is higher than B)
Not: The yield was higher using bromine.
But: The yield was higher using bromine than chlorine.
##英文论文写作常用句式
In this paper, we focus on the need for This paper proceeds as follow. The structure of the paper is as follows. In this paper, we shall first briefly introduce fuzzy sets and related concepts To begin with we will provide a brief background on the
This will be followed by a description of the fuzzy nature of the problem and a detailed presentation of how the required membership functions are defined. Details on xx and xx are discussed in later sections. In the next section, after a statement of the basic problem, various situations involving possibility knowledge are investigated: first, an entirely possibility model is proposed; then the cases of a fuzzy service time with stochastic arrivals and non‑fuzzy service rule is studied; lastly, fuzzy service rule are considered.
This review is followed by an introduction.
A brief summary of some of the relevant concepts in xxx and xxx is presented in Section 2. In the next section a brief view of the …. is given.
In the next section, a short review of … is given with special regard to … Section 2 reviews relevant research related to xx. Section 1.1 briefly surveys the motivation for a methodology of action, while 1.2 looks at the difficulties posed by the complexity of systems and outlines the need for development of possibility methods.
l Section 1 defines the notion of robustness, and argues for its importance. l Section 1 devoted to the basic aspects of the FLC decision‑making logic. l Section 2 gives the background of the problem which includes xxx l Section 2 discusses some problems with and approaches to, natural language understanding. l Section 2 explains how flexibility which often … can be expressed in terms of fuzzy time‑window l Section 3 discusses the aspects of fuzzy set theory that are used in the … l Section 3 describes the system itself in a general way, including the ..and also discusses how to evaluate system performance. l Section 3 describes a new measure of xx. l Section 3 demonstrates the use of fuzzy possibility theory in the analysis of xx. l Section 3 is a fine description of fuzzy formulation of human decision. l Section 3, is developed to the modeling and processing of fuzzy decision rules l The main idea of the FLC is described in Section 3 while Section 4 describes the xx strategies. l Section 3 and 4 show experimental studies for verifying the proposed model. l Section 4 discusses a previous fuzzy set‑based approach to cost variance investigation. l Section 4 gives a specific example of xxx. l Section 4 is the experimental study to make a fuzzy model of memory process. l Section 4 contains a discussion of the implication of the results of Section 2 and 3. l Section 4 applies this fuzzy measure to the analysis of xx and illustrate its use on experimental data. l Section 5 presents the primary results of the paper: a fuzzy set model .. l Section 5 contains some conclusions plus some ideas for further work. l Section 6 illustrate the model with an example. l Various ways of fuzzification and the reasons for their choice are discussed very briefly in Section 2. l In Section 2 are presented the block diagram expression of a whole model of human DM system l In Section 2 we shall list a collection of basic assumptions which a … scheme must satisfy. l In Section 2 of this paper, we present representation and uniqueness theorems for the fundamental measurement of fuzziness when the domain of discourse is order‑dense. l In Section 3, we describe the preliminary results of an empirical study currently in progress to verify the measurement model and to construct membership functions. l In Section 5 is analyzed the inference process through the two kinds of inference experiments…
l In this section, the characteristics and environment under which MRP is designed are described. l We will provide in this section basic terminologies and notations which are necessary for the understanding of subsequent results.
l We choose the so called xx in our experiment because it has received wide acceptance and can
l Prolog was chosen because it offers a well known and flexible environment in which fuzzy reasoning may be easily implemented.
l The rationale behind this is that it can be much easier for an estimator to rate a cost as high than to attempt to place a dollar value on the estimate.
l This strategy has been widely used in fuzzy control applications since it is natural and easy to implement.
l A function definition expresses the membership function of a fuzzy set in a functional form, typically a bell‑shaped function, etc. Such functions are used in FLC because they lead themselves to manipulation through the use of fuzzy arithmetic.
l It should be noted that in our daily life most of the information on which our decisions are based is linguistic rather than numerical in nature. Seen in this perspective, fuzzy control rules provide a natural framework for the characterization of human behavior and decisions analysis.
l Many experts have found that fuzzy control rules provide a convenient way to express their domain knowledge. This explains why most FLCs are based on the knowledge and experience which are expressed in the language of fuzzy “if‑the” rule.
##Chapter 4. Examples
l The data used in the following example was taken from an experiment in which xx was measured between x and x using a xx technique. l The data consists of over xx measurements. l An example of xx is discussed and the control rules of xx are compared with a xx l Examples of complex processes to which this technique may be applied are xx, xx, etc. l The following example is constructed only for the purpose of illustrating the computational procedure discussed. l This example clearly demonstrates that the profile of an individual xx, or a very small group of xx, with no enough data to be studied statistically, can be meaningfully analyzed by fuzzy possibilistic methods. l There is no space here to go into detail on all these methods, but deserve a mention and the bibliography will point to detailed references for those wishing this level of detail. l Note that the golf ball spotting example is used throughout the paper.
l As well, the pros and cons of these representations from a process planning point of view will be discussed. l The method of using xx to implement xx described by Zadeh (1973) appeared more suitable l As discussed [in the previous section]/[preciously],
l We can not invert F’ directly because it defines a many-to-one mapping. l The relationships appear very complicate l Lifting tasks involve complex and imprecise relationship between the task variables and the human operator’s characteristics. l These methods are based on the relationship between … and … l The fundamental concept of a fuzzy rating language is that we can establish a relationship among terms such as high, medium, and low, and then modify these relationships. l This article will thus mention the latter as well as the former. l The former two bear a close relation to a fuzzy Cartesian product.
l The emphasis is on an implementation of a general approach to rule based decision making.
l Careful evaluation is necessary to ensure l Such a formulation does not change further considerations. l Considerable attention has been paid to l Attention should be paid to an important finding of this investigation. l Caution should be exercised in this process to avoid … l Primary consideration is given to … components, though others can be accommodated l After … has been defined by …, a carefully analysis is carried out/performed to determine l A number of factors such as …need to be taken into consideration before making the appropriate decision. l It should be noted that l It is important to point out that … l These considerations have heightened interest in the possibility of providing … l We should stress the fundamental importance of the xx
l One of the major advantages of this new measure of xx is that it can be applied to the experimental study of l One advantage of using a .. is the ease of preparing it. l The xx system is versatile l It has a very fast decision making process l All the algorithms involve mostly logical operations. l It can be easily and without additional cost implemented in a microprocessor‑based environment. l It can reduce the waste of designing from scratch. l The advantages of using a xx to represent xx are the following: l However, xx is not without its shortcomings. l In most cases, the xxx shows an improvement over the existing xxx. l Compared to the existing xx, the impacts of the xx are generally reduced by 5% to 9%. l The “best case” results shows a savings of 6% to 9%. l Most of the existing works based on xx approach can only recognize a xx . l Most of the above methods are computational expansive and limited to xx. l Some other advantages of xx are the following: l The problem is the limitation of this method to a limited domain of parts. l It proved limited in application because it demanded precision in system modeling that was impossible in practice. l There are advantages to be gained in the structuring of costs and benefits, the use of xx, l The disadvantages of this method are also disadvantages of conventional xx approaches. l This combines the best features of both techniques l Hopefully, this tool can be as the reference framework of for developing a xx platform, and helping the administration, marketing, and knowledge management activities in virtual communities.
l An improvement on the result shown above can be made by based on the data provided l Discussion of these theories is beyond the scope of this review l Based on the information contained in this l The result can be categorized into nine classes l The results are illustrated by an example l The experimental results for each xx time are reported in Table 2. l From the results obtained so far, it seem that l Because of the inaccuracy of the …, a conclusion cannot be drawn as l Although much effort has been made to., this reality is far from completion. l The results indicate that the total benefits are higher than the total costs. l Their results may then serve as guidelines for lower level models, less fuzzy and more detailed.
l From the discussion, one may conclude that … l Form the above discussion, the conclusion can be reached that l The conclusions drawn are also valid l In conclusion to this, it becomes obvious that the problem of xx lies not only in… l We have attempted to introduce some concepts associated with a theory of xx based on fuzzy sets. l Considerable more work, hopefully, will be done in this area l A fuzzy set procedure is proposed to solve xx selection problems interwoven with imprecise data l Employing the compositional rule of inference, the assessment of the xx compatibility in achieving prescribed xx projectiles in any level of the hierarchy is made possible. l This paper has presented a theoretical and experimental study of the xx process and xx concept. l The experimental research results will hopefully serve as useful feedback information for improvements for xx work. l The scope of this contribution was to introduce a xx method. l In general, fuzzy sets theory provides an alternative foundation for xx analysis in a fuzzy environment.
Future Research l Thus, first extension of the approach could be, l Present some cues for a further approach from Fuzzy Sets Theory application to l Some improvements to the scheduling aspect of the model may be brought through additional levels in the hierarchy for more detailed representation of the scheduling activity.
l Figure 7-1 sketches these relationships. l The graphical representation of these functions is shown in Figure 1. l The xx may be depicted as in Figure 1. l Figure x shows the schematic diagram of the l Figure 1 though 2 provide a … that l the architecture of this expert system for …. is illustrated in Figure 2. l Figure 2 gives the outline of an … system l Table shows the l as shown in Table 1 and 2 l This concept is illustrated in Figure 2 l At the top of Table xx are shown two blocks of data. l Each table or matrix has constructs xx through xx as row‑headings, xx through xx as column‑headings. l A table of .. is developed and significant recommendations are made.
To Indicate Addition l additionally, again, also, and then, as can be easily understood, besides, equally important, especially, finally, for the same reason, first, further, furthermore, in addition, last, likewise, moreover, next, second, third, too, evidently, obviously, roughly speaking, broadly speaking
To Indicate Cause and Effect l accordingly, as a result, consequently, for this reason, hence, in short, otherwise, then, therefore, thus, truly
To indicate Comparison l in a like manner, likewise, similarly , alternatively
To Indicate Concession l after all, although this may be true, at the same time, even though, even so , I admit, naturally, of course
To Indicate Contrast l and yet, at the same time, but, for all that, however, yet, in fact, in contrast, in the real life, in spite of, nevertheless, notwithstanding, normally, on the contrary, on the other hand, still, traditionally, rather, unfortunately,
To Indicate Time Relationships l after a short time, afterwards, as indicated earlier, as long as, as soon as, at last, at length, at the moment, at that time, at the same time, before, earlier, currently, immediately, in the meantime, in recent years, lately, later, meanwhile, often, of late, presently, recently, soon, shortly, since, thereupon, temporarily, therefore, until, when, while
To Indicate Special Features or Examples l for example, for instance, incidentally, indeed, in fact, in other words, in particular, in practice, specifically, that is, to illustrate, in this respect, theoretically, as mentioned before / above
To Indicate Summary l in brief, in conclusion, in short, in summary, on the whole, to conclude , in general, to summarize, to sum up, as a result, ultimately,
VERB PHASE l build a .. model l build up the key link l began a new era in … l can be regarded as / achieved / used to/for / found / obtained through l can result in l carries out … tasks l production information in order to simultaneously l contains all information necessary to describe l do not make use of production information l deals with l end with failure l fetch the information from the model directly l has great potential / yet to be resolved / spurred the development of / been recognized as l BE aimed at / built up / carried out by / essentially concerned with / considered to be the key technology / associated with each feature of a compo site component / cable of / currently implemented for / demonstrated by an example / finally reached / made equal to / equivalent to / more suitable to / oriented to / interpreted as / pointed out / potentially of great benefit in the complex task of / shown in / used to effectively guide the search l makes use of l make up l meets the needs of real life production,/ the current demands placed upon it l must be justified l point out l play an important role l relates to l rely on l satisfy the needs l determine the total requirements for the … l uses … as a key to search for… l without relying on l will be available/ performed/ overlooked
NOUN PHASE l a basic technical function of l a critical need l a key / principle feature of l a substantial impact on l an intensive review was conducted l an increasing need for expanding the application of …. l an important component / function / aspect / issue l each rule is numbered in sequence l each of these involves l for this calculation, it is necessary to define l in the physical environment / integration of l in the reality of situations where … l many aspects of l most past efforts have been spent on … l common sense to a well studied and documented technical field. l sources of additional information on … are listed l systematic and rationally structured format l the basis on which a range of …operations can be established is shown l THE basic philosophy / principles of / key element / general hypothesis / candidate list of / concept of … has attracted wide interest / function is concerned with / heart / impact / nature / role / task of / kernel functions l the number of parts needed to l the above statement means that l the output data is passed to l the proposed method / underlying principle l the recommendations made in this report, if implemented, should l this information resides in l this process is composed of … different … operation l along with the use of l concerning general aspects of l due to l for later use in generating…, l in turn, l IT IS believed / noted / assumed / suggested / shown / quite evident / appears / implies that / intended for / of no important to l it can be claimed/concluded that l it demonstrates the decisions required of l it also provides information to .. l it becomes essential to l let … be the probability that l once… is written, it is compiled into… l suppose it is observed that l this is because l this results in a l upon completion of the … analysis, l when the knowledge is of mathematics or quantum physics, it will also be recorded in books and papers l selection of rules for using the tools, for generating operation plans, is another matter of preference, since practice varies greatly. l for the sake of convenience l correct decision to be reach l keeping the number of rules to a minimum. l a good process plan will result exhibiting several characteristics:
英文论文写作常用句式
Next Section l The next section describes the mathematics that goes into the computer implementation of such fuzzy logic statements. l However, it is cumbersome for this purpose and in practical applications the formulae were rearranged and simplified as discussed in the next section. l The three components will be described in the next two section, and an example of xx analysis of a computer information system will then illustrate their use. l We can interpret the results of Experiments I and II as in the following sections. l The next section summarizes the method in a from that is useful for arguments based on xx
l This paper concludes with a discussion of future research consideration in section 5. l Section 5 summarizes the results of this investigation. l Section 5 gives the conclusions and future directions of research. l Section 7 provides a summary and a discussion of some extensions of the paper. l Finally, conclusions and future work are summarized l The basic questions posed above are then discussed and conclusions are drawn. l Section 7 is the conclusion of the paper.
l A basic problem in the design of xx is presented by the choice of a xx rate for the measurement of experimental variables. l This paper examines a new measure of xx in xx based on fuzzy mathematics which overcomes the difficulties found in other xx measures. l This paper describes a system for the analysis of the xx. l The method involves the construction of xx from fuzzy relations. l The procedure is useful in analyzing how groups reach a decision. l The technique used is to employ a newly developed and versatile xx algorithms. l The usefulness of xx is also considered. l A brief methodology used in xx is discussed. l The analysis is useful in xx and xx problem. l A model is developed for a xx analysis using fuzzy matrices. l Algorithms to combine these estimates and produce a xx are presented and justified. l The use of the method is discussed and an example is given. l Results of an experimental applications of this xx analysis procedure are given to illustrate the proposed technique. l This paper analyses problems in l This paper outlines the functions carried out by … l This paper includes an illustration of the … l This paper provides an overview and information useful for approaching l Emphasis is placed on the construction of a criterion function by which the xx in achieving a hierarchical system of objectives are evaluated. l The main emphasis is placed on the problem of xx l Our proposed model is verified through experimental study. l The experimental results reveal interesting examples of fuzzy phases of : xx,xx l The compatibility of a project in terms of cost, and xx are likewise represented by linguistic variables. l A didactic example is included to illustrate the computational procedure
Time l Over the course of the past 30 years, .. has emerged form intuitive l Technological revolutions have recently hit the industrial world l The advent of … systems for has had a significant impact on the l The development of … is explored l During the past decade, the theory of fuzzy sets has developed in a variety of directions, l The concept of xx was investigated quite intensively in recent years l There has been a turning point in … methodology in accordance with the advent of … l A major concern in … today is to continue to improve… l A xx is a latecomer in the part representation arena. l At the time of this writing, there is still no standard way of xx l Although a lot of effort is being spent on improving these weaknesses, the efficient and effective method has yet to be developed. l The pioneer work can be traced to xx [1965]. l To date, none of the methods developed is perfect and all are far from ready to be used in commercial systems.
Objective / Goal / Purpose l The purpose of the inference engine can be outlined as follows: l The ultimate goal of the xx system is to allow the non‑experts to utilize the existing knowledge in the area of manual handling of loads, and to provide intelligent, computer‑aided instruction for xxx. l The paper concerns the development of a xx l The scope of this research lies in l The main theme of the paper is the application of rule‑based decision making. l These objectives are to be met with such thoroughness and confidence as to permit … l The objectives of the … operations study are as follows: l The primary purpose/consideration/objective of l The ultimate goal of this concept is to provide l The main objective of such a … system is to l The aim of this paper is to provide methods to construct such probability distribution. l In order to achieve these objectives, an xx must meet the following requirements: l In order to take advantage of their similarity l more research is still required before final goal of … can be completed l In this trial, the objective is to generate… l for the sake of concentrating on … research issues l A major goal of this report is to extend the utilization of a recently developed procedure for the xx. l For an illustrative purpose, four well‑known OR problems are studied in presence of fuzzy data: xx. l A major thrust of the paper is to discuss approaches and strategies for structuring ..methods l This illustration points out the need to specify l The ultimate goal is both descriptive and prescriptive. l Chapter 2. Literature Review l A wealth of information is to be found in the statistics literature, for example, regarding xx l A considerable amount of research has been done .. during the last decade l A great number of studies report on the treatment of uncertainties associated with xx. l There is considerable amount of literature on planning l However, these studies do not provide much attention to undertainty in xx. l Since then, the subject has been extensively explored and it is still under investigation as well in methodological aspects as in concrete applications. l Many research studies have been carried out on this topic. l Problem of xx draw recently more and more attention of system analysis. l Attempts to resolve this dilemma have resulted in the development of l Many complex processes unfortunately, do not yield to this design procedure and have, therefore, not yet been automated. l Most of the methods developed so far are deterministic and /or probabilistic in nature. l The central issue in all these studies is to l The problem of xx has been studied by other investigators, however, these studies have been based upon classical statistical approaches. l Applied … techniques to l Characterized the … system as l Developed an algorithm to l Developed a system called … which l Uses an iterative algorithm to deduce l Emphasized the need to l Identifies six key issues surrounding high technology l A comprehensive study of the .. has been undertaken l Much work has been reported recently in these filed l Proposed l Presented l State that l Point out that the problem of l Described l Illustrated l Indicated l Has shown / showed l Address l Highlights l A study on …was done / developed by [] l Previous work, such as [] and [], deal only with l The approach taken by [] is l The system developed by [] consists l A paper relevant to this research was published by [] l []’s model requires consideration of .. l []’ model draws attention to evolution in human development l []’s model focuses on… l Little research has been conducted in applying … to l The published information that is relevant to this research… l This study further shows that l Their work is based on the principle of l More history of … can be found in xx et al. [1979]. l Studies have been completed to established l The …studies indicated that l Though application of xx in the filed of xx has proliferated in recent years, effort in analyzing xx, especially xx, is lacking.
Problem / Issue / Question l Unfortunately, real-world engineering problems such as manufacturing planning do not fit well with this narrowly defined model. They tend to span broad activities and require consideration of multiple aspects. l Remedy / solve / alleviate these problems l … is a difficult problem, yet to be adequately resolved l Two major problems have yet to be addressed l An unanswered question l This problem in essence involves using x to obtain a solution. l An additional research issue to be tackled is …. l Some important issues in developing a … system are discussed l The three prime issues can be summarized: l The situation leads to the problem of how to determine the … l There have been many attempts to l It is expected to be serious barrier to l It offers a simple solution in a limited domain for a complex problem. l There are several ways to get around this problem. l As difficult as it seems to be, xx is by no means new. l The problem is to recognize xx from a design representation. l A xx problem can trace its roots to xx. l xx [1987] used a heuristic approach to simplify the complexity of the problem. l Several problems are associated with them. l Although some progress has been made in this area, at least two major obstacles must be overcome before a fully automated system can be realized. l Most problems in practice are complicated l More problem surface here. l Hamper effort toward a xx system l In order to overcome the limitations due to incomplete and imprecise xx knowledge, a xx program has been developed, which bases its knowledge upon the statistical analysis of a sample population of xx
l The above difficulties are real challenges faced by researchers attempting to develop l This type of mapping raises no controversy to the issue of membership function determination. l However, attempts to quantify the xx have met both theoretical and empirical problems. l It has become apparent that in order to apply this new methodological framework to real‑world problems and data, we have to pay attention to the problems of xx and xx.
Chapter 3. Proposed methodology Assumption l In the case when the assumption of a xx seems to be too restrictive or inadequate, the formulation with Fuzzy termination time, i.e. given by a fuzzy set in the space of control stages, may be applied. l We assume here the fuzzy constraints to be state‑dependent, and the fuzzy goal to be the same for all the control states, xx, which stems from the problem’s nature. l An approach to the solution of this problem is presented under the assumption that the sampling rate Decision can be made prior to the execution of the experiment, as opposed to being made while the experiment is in progress. l Another assumption made above is that there are precise odds at which the expert is indifferent. l Main simplifying assumptions are: l This, in our view, is a questionable assumption.
Outline / Structure / Module l An outline of the research l Information is incorporated within the scheme l Is built into … structure l A nice modular structure. l The principles of … are applied as modularized criteria
Classification l A xx system comprises three main components: l Must decompose the original .. into a set of .. l Consists of the following steps: l This is summarized in the following steps: l Can be broadly classified into the following areas: l Can be characterized by its function of effectively processing the l Can allow further breadth of application of …into more l The following steps should be followed l xx can be classified by a different ways. l Based on the xx, one may classify xx into the following: l This catalog may change due to wear, breakage, and purchasing.
System l Unlike many conventional program, expert systems do not usually deal wit h problem for which there is clearly a right or wrong answer. l The system consists of both … and … l The system has a hierarchical modular architecture organized on three levels. l expert system domains are area of expertise l To develop a xx system for xx, the following factors must be considered: l The system has been developed / designed to determine l The system has proven to be able to l The domain in which an expert system operates is a particular domain l The system comprises a … with l The system is [feature-oriented ] / based on the … technique l The system environment must be relatively stable l The system is utilized to generate, load, store, update and retrieve … l The development of a xx system has two stages: xx stage and xx stage. l The most essential part of .. system is the … l The successful developments in ESs have made them an important tool in the development of l An automated system was developed for l In this case, the system can be considered to be generative. l An interactive automatic … system l A .. is commonly thought of as a truly integrated .. system l Should be capable of being generated from a … system l xx is an important part of the integrated system. l The model consists of four rule bases, each of which addresses a separate problem in the hierarchy of scheduling decision. l The rule bases are linked to each other in a chin‑like manner in the sense that the consequent of one rule base constitutes a part of the antecedent of the next rule base. l The rule base consists of all possible combinations of the linguistic terms associated with the linguistic variable of the antecedent of a rule.
Computer System l The system has been implemented using Prolog language in an MS‑DOS environment. Prolog was chosen because it offers a well known and flexible environment in which fuzzy reasoning may be easily implemented. l The current version of the xx program when compiled with WATFOR77 result s in an executable code of about 270K bytes. Typical run time, when run on a XX computer (an IBM compatible machine) operating at 4.77 Mhz with 640K RAM, ranges from 10 min to 2h, depending on the size (or complexity) of the problem. l Time consuming procedures have been implemented in C‑language and directly linked to the Prolog environment. l The xx process, once the xx’s data has been entered, requires approximately 180 seconds. l It should be noted that the computation was done with a 20 Hhz, 80386 209;based microcomputer equipped with a 80387 math co‑processor. l The computer programs used for the analyses, one based on the xx method and the other based on the new method, were written in FORTRAN with a compiler that supports the math co‑processor. l Lisp, Prolog give maximum flexibility but also maximizes development time. l Internal representation is the way a model is represented in the computer. l An interactive menu-driven procedure is used in this study l Shell can be develop very fast at the cost of time fairly severe limitations. l While there is no measurable saving of time for the case involving five criteria, the saving is dramatic for the case involving 10 criteria – the computation time reduces from 10 hr 40 min to about 1 min. l This combination is being implemented in an objected‑oriented programming environment (Smalltalk‑80 system) to solve problems encountered in construction xxx.
Method / Approach / Study / Process Model / Equation /Algorithm / Rule / Formula / Technique l A discussion is presented of a problem-solving system l To improve the efficiency of the method, the following approach may be applied. l In order to an investigation was made to find the causes of the l Although large collections of rules and equations have been complied, none are generally accepted l This approach will be explained and discussed thoroughly in the body of the report. l This can be accomplished by l This algorithm to compute the total cost can be described step by step as follows: l The above preliminary analysis has provided important information l Various methods have been proposed for selecting an optimum… l These concepts have been applied to l On the basis of the concept mentioned above, l This can be achieved by l This fact suggests that a new concept l This was accomplished by taking … l The preparatory stage is very time consuming process. l Test are performed for validity, completeness, and compatibility l There is little hope of achieving successful … l There has been an increasing awareness of the potential of using most ..so far made have not taken this approach, with the exception of l Only a few studies can be found. l It is a very tedious process to go through l It is only when .. has been completed that .. may be effected l The entire interpretation process is conducted in one’s head. l These approaches are sometimes very tedious. l Several techniques can be used l A polynomial parametric model can be written as [the following]/[follows]: l A xx model is constructed/formulated using xx. l A xx model represents an xx by its xx. l A process decision model captures the logic essential to l From the equation above, xx is equal to the summation of xx times the … l The validity of a xx model can be checked using Euler’s formula. l Given a model, one can mathematically determine whether … or … l Equations for xx need to be derived and implemented in the system. l A number of heuristic rules have been developed for l Optimum .. techniques can be made more reliable by … so that l An algorithm based on the characteristic … is used to determine l Euler’s formula states the following: l The completed model should agree with the formula. l For manufacturing purposes, a detailed and precise model of the object is necessary l Engineering design models are very well defined; therefore, l To keep the domain narrow enough to be implementable, yet wide enough to be useful. Point of View l from an implementation standpoint, l From the point of view of this application, l From this point of view, Zadeh suggested an inference rule named xxx (CRI for short). l Information is the meaningful interpretation and correlation of some aggregation of data in order to allow one to make decisions.
l From a practical point of view, the computational aspects of an FLC require a simplification of the fuzzy control algorithm. l The use of a hammer to insert screws, although partly effective, tends to distort, destroy, and generally defeat the purpose of using a screw [Kusiak AI Implications for CIM p.129]
DIR [directory]：程序包含多个文件时，导入文件夹
break/b [file:linenum]: 设置断点
b main.c:32
break [func]：在当前的文件中为某一函数(假设为func)处设定断点
break 46 if testsize==100：设置条件断点：如果testsize==100就在46行处断点
info break/b：显示所有断点
(gdb) info b Num Type Disp Enb Address What 1 breakpoint keep y 0x00000000004056a9 in ts_bspline_new at tinyspline.c:1386 2 breakpoint keep y 0x00000000004065cd in ts_read_ctrlp at tinyspline_io.c:321
delete breakpoint [num]： 删除指定的某个断点
(gdb) delete breakpoint 1 //如果不带编号参数，将删除所有的断点
(gdb) delete breakpoint
disable breakpoint 1：禁止使用某个断点，断点信息的 (Enb)域将变为 n enable breakpoint 1：允许使用某个断点，断点信息的 (Enb)域将变为 y
clear N：清除行N上面的所有断点
watch [expression]：在程序中设置一个监测点（即数据断点）
watch i != 10：检测表达式变化则停住：这里，i != 10这个表达式一旦变化，则停住。watch
whatis：查看变量的类型
(gdb) whatis p type = int *
finish：立即执行完当前的函数，返回到调用它的函数
until/u：如果循环次数很多，执行完当前的循环
gdb -tui：启动gdb，并且分屏显示源代码，启动可以直接将屏幕分成两个部分，上面显示源代码，比用list方便多了。这时候使用上下方向键可以查看源代码,想要命令行使用上下键就用[Ctrl]n和[Ctrl]p
file [program]：用gdb而非gdb [program]时，载入指定的程序
(gdb) file ./nurbs
next/n：执行下一步：执行一行代码，如果是函数也会跳过函数。这个命令可以简化为n
next N：执行N次下一步
step：单步进入：执行一行代码，不过如果遇到函数的话就会进入函数的内部，再一行一行的执行
jump/j N：跳转执行程序到第N行：跳转到第N行执行完毕之后，如果后面没有断点则继续执行，而并不是停在那里了。另外，跳转不会改变当前的堆栈内容，所以跳到别的函数中就会有奇怪的现象，因此最好跳转在一个函数内部进行,跳转的参数也可以是程序代码行的地址,函数名等等类似list
return：强制返回当前函数：这样，将会忽略当前函数还没有执行完毕的语句，强制返回。return后面可以接一个表达式，表达式的返回值就是函数的返回值
backtrace：显示当前调用函数堆栈中的函数：命令产生一张列表，包含着从最近的过程开始的所有有效过程和调用这些过程的参数。当然，这里也会显示出当前运行到了哪里(文件，行)
kill：终止一个正在调试的程序。如果想不退出GDB而对当前正在调试的应用程序重新编译、链接，可以在GDB中执行kill杀掉子进程，等编译、链接完后，再重新执行run，GDB便可加载新的可执行程序启动调试
print /x var：用16进制显示(var)值 这里可以知道，print可以指定显示的格式，这里用’/x’表示16进制的格式。 可以支持的变量显示格式有：
print *a@10 ：如果a是一个数组，10个元素，这样，会显示10个元素，无论a是double或者是int的都会正确地显示10个元素
print x=4： 修改运行时候的变量值，这里，x=4是C/C++的语
examine/x：查看内存地址中的值
ptype var：以更详细的方式显示变量var的类型，这里，会打印出var的结构定义
(gdb) ptype spline type = struct { size_t deg; size_t order; size_t dim; size_t n_ctrlp; size_t n_knots; tsReal *ctrlp; tsReal *knots; } *
list：列出相应于正在执行的程序的原文件内容
shell [command string]：在gdb环境中，你可以执行UNIX的shell的命令，使用gdb的shell命令来完成
make [make-args]：可以在gdb中执行make命令来重新build自己的程序。这个命令等价于shell make [make-args]
在gdb中，我们可以有以下几种暂停方式：断点（BreakPoint）、观察点（WatchPoint）、捕捉点（CatchPoint）、信号（Signals）、线程停止（Thread Stops）。如果要恢复程序运行，可以使用c或是continue命令
checkpoint
ulimit: 如果想让系统在信号中断造成的错误时产生core文件, 我们需要在shell中按如下设置（设置core大小为无限）:
ulimit -c unlimited
注：每一次打开终端都需要设置一次
用gdb查看core文件: 发生core dump之后, 用gdb进行查看core文件的内容, 以定位文件中引发core dump的行.
gdb [exec file] [core file]
如:
gdb ~/git/Exstream/solver/bin/exstream_intel_debug core.8760
在进入gdb后, 就可以按照常规方法来调试
print arr： w为REAL(8)类型的Fortran数组，维数为(1:7,0:227,0:69,0:55)
(gdb) p w $1 = (PTR TO -> (REAL(8) (7,0:277,0:69,0:55))) 0x7f64a683a010
(gdb) p w(1,200,54,30) $2 = 0.03445566777855433
(gdb) p w(1:7,200,54,30) $3 = (0.03445566777855433, 1, 0, 0.33444556767654, 1, 0, 1)
注：gdb版本为7.2-50.e16，gcc版本为4.4.6
info/i
valgrind：内存调试工具
参考链接： GDB调试一些命令 GDB调试 x p LINUX core dump详解 & GDB调试 How to print Fortran array in GDB? Gdb调试Fortran中的堆和栈 Linux 上的调试工具 (gdb ）及valgrind valgrind之内存调试
size_t 为 unsigned int，从文件中读取时要注意格式，如：
//...
size_t N;
//...
//...
fp=fopen("data","r");
fscanf(fp,"%d",&N); //读取235到N
//...
data文件为：
235
0.0 0.0
0.1 0.1
程序运行时可能产生段错误，利用gdb调试时，print N打印出来的值为257698037995，转换为16进制为3c000000eb，而eb转换为10进制刚好为235，而利用x &N 打印出来的值为0x000000eb。由此可见，采用%d格式读入数据到size_t格式的变量中时，符号位变成了数据位，自然不能正确地存储数据。将%d改为%zu即可。
Use the z modifier:
size_t x = ...;
ssize_t y = ...;
printf("%zu\n", x); // prints as unsigned decimal
printf("%zx\n", x); // prints as hex
printf("%zd\n", y); // prints as signed decimal
参考链接： How can one print a size_t variable portably using the printf family?
汇总：
在c/c++中，内存分成5个区，他们分别是堆、栈、自由存储区、全局/静态存储区和常量存储区。 如果你的这两个语句是出现在全局部分，那这个i就是被存储在全局/静态存储区；如果是出现在局部某个函数里，那i就被存储的栈里面。具体可以怎么理解？ 栈里的东西自动分配内存空间，自动释放内存，而堆里面的东西只要是用到内存的都要手动分配，malloc函数在这个时候就起作用了。 栈：就是那些由编译器在需要的时候分配，在不需要的时候自动清楚的变量的存储区。里面的变量通常是局部变量、函数参数等。 堆：就是那些由new分配的内存块，他们的释放编译器不去管，由我们的应用程序去控制，一般一个new就要对应一个delete。如果程序员没有释放掉，那么在程序结束后，操作系统会自动回收。 自由存储区：就是那些由malloc等分配的内存块，他和堆是十分相似的，不过它是用free来结束自己的生命的。
比如，你int i;i就是存放在栈内存里面 比如 char p=(char)malloc(sizeof(char));p指向的内存就是存放在堆内存里面的